Mammatus are most often associated with anvil clouds and also severe thunderstorms. They often extend from the base of a cumulonimbus, but may also be found under altostratus, and cirrus clouds, as well as volcanic ash clouds. When occurring in cumulonimbus, mammatus are often indicative of a particularly strong storm.
Mammatus are pouch-like cloud structures and a rare example of clouds in sinking air. Sometimes very ominous in appearance, mammatus clouds are harmless and do not mean that a tornado is about to form, a commonly held misconception. In fact, mammatus are usually seen after the worst of a thunderstorm has passed.
Cumulus cloudsCumulus clouds are puffy white or light gray clouds that look like floating cotton balls. At this height, high winds will flatten the top of the cloud out into an anvil-like shape. Cumulonimbus clouds are associated with heavy rain, hail, lightning, and tornadoes.
Kelvin Helmholtz Waves are perhaps the rarest cloud formation of all. Rumored to be the inspiration for Van Gogh's masterpiece “Starry Night”, they are incredibly distinctive. They are mainly associated with cirrus, altocumulus, and stratus clouds over 5,000m.
It is often said that the turbulence can be extreme enough inside a cumulonimbus to tear an aircraft into pieces. Thus, cumulonimbus are known to be extremely dangerous to air traffic, and it is recommended to avoid them as much as possible.
Pink clouds are quite common in some parts of the world, while rare or totally absent in others. They appear mostly sunset and sunrise.
Mammatus usually form on the base of a cumulonimbus anvil, but they have also been sighted to form on other cloud types, such as stratocumulus, altostratus and altocumulus. Mammatus have also been observed to form on the underside of volcanic ash clouds.
Mammatus cloud generally form in the most unstable cumulonimbus, meaning that there is also a chance of hail, heavy rain and lightning in the vicinity, and if the air is cold enough during winter they can produce snow.
Cirrocumulus cloudsCirrocumulus clouds are fairly rare and fun for enthusiasts to discover. They are commonly called "popcorn" clouds because they look like thin white popped kernels floating high in the sky.
It is often said that the turbulence can be extreme enough inside a cumulonimbus to tear an aircraft into pieces. Thus, cumulonimbus are known to be extremely dangerous to air traffic, and it is recommended to avoid them as much as possible.
No. The air in a tornado is filled with swirling pieces of debris. These would destroy the airframe and choke the jet engine. The shockwave from exceeding the speed of sound would have no meaningful effect on the atmospheric conditions creating and maintaining the tornado.
When clouds are thin, they let a large portion of the light through and appear white. But like any objects that transmit light, the thicker they are, the less light makes it through. As their thickness increases, the bottoms of clouds look darker but still scatter all colors. We perceive this as gray.
The reddish frequencies of visible light can penetrate deeper into the atmosphere in those conditions than the bluer end of the visible-light spectrum, the bluish light rays get absorbed more, before they reach your eyes. Hence, the clouds appear redder.
Despite popular misconception, mammatus clouds are not a sign that a tornado is about to form. While associated with thunderstorms, mammatus clouds are not necessarily an indicator of severe weather. Mammatus result from the sinking of moist air into dry air.
Yes, the tornado is part of the thunderstorm or hurricane system that formed it. If your aircraft can fly over those, you're all set. But be aware that there are (rare) thunderstorm cells that have pushed up to near 70,000ft - not many aircraft are going to get over that.
Cumulus clouds look like fluffy, white cotton balls in the sky.
Noctilucent cloudsThey are the highest clouds in Earth's atmosphere, located in the mesosphere at altitudes of around 76 to 85 km (249,000 to 279,000 ft)....Noctilucent cloud.Noctilucent cloudsNoctilucent clouds over Kuresoo bog, Viljandimaa, EstoniaAbbreviationNLC/PMCAltitude76,000 to 85,000 m (250,000 to 280,000 ft)ClassificationOther
50Level RequirementsColorLevel RequirementBlue35Purple50Yellow65Red80
The twelve Supreme Grade Swords (最上大業物, Saijō Ō Wazamono?) are the twelve highest-quality blades in the world.